Parthenon Sculptures free essay sample

5th cent. B.C. Greek works: style, examples, realism idealism, subjects, composition, compared to Olympian works. The sculptures of the Parthenon represent a high point in Classical sculpture and a culmination in the centuries-long effort by Greek sculptors to fashion images that represent natural movement and repose. But, with the increased naturalism of the Classical era, it became difficult for artists to reconcile that realism with the ideal. In comparison with the other sculpture of the Classical era, the sculptures of the Parthenon (447-432 BC) represent a unique solution to this problem. It might have been assumed that the expression of mood and emotion, which constituted the essence of the representation of the ideal, would be facilitated by greater realism. Yet increasing realism did just the opposite, and much of Classical sculpture is distinctly less inclined toward the ideal than..

Demographic of Essex County Essay Essays

Demographic of Essex County Essay Essays Demographic of Essex County Essay Essay Demographic of Essex County Essay Essay Essex County is located in the North eastern portion of new New Jersey. The history of Essex county day of the months back to 1666 when 30 households from Connecticut established colony along the Bankss of Passaic river. Essex County was officially established in 1682 by east jersey legislative assembly. Essex County is 129. 631 square stat mis. The Geopolitical communities are designed by natural or human made boundaries ( Maurer and Smith. 2009 ) . It holds community safer for the occupants and the regulating organic structure. Essex County is bordered by human made boundaries. The conditions of the community fluctuates harmonizing to the seasons. The usual temperature throughout winter corsets within 24 to 42 grades Fahrenheit. In the summer. it hikes up. and ranges between at 68 to 85 Fahrenheit. Natural catastrophes like inundation. snowstorms. blizzards. heavy rains hurricanes. power indignation. H2O deficit common here. Essex county is the 2nd most dumb ly populated county in new New Jersey As of 2010 nose count population was 783969. The county is made up of 22 municipalities which are widely diverse embracing big inner-city communities. Essex’s county’s economic wealth is non distributed uniformly across all occupants. with big urban countries that include a big figure of hapless and minority populations with 11. 7 % county households had income below the poorness degree. As of 2011. 10. 8 % occupants were unemployed. Essex County is the first county in United States to make county broad park system. As of now 5. 745 estates of green infinite which includes huge reserves developed Parkss 21 one of them. The community has large golf classs and tennis tribunals In add-on to this. there are seasonal community carnivals and other community events that provide an juncture for community interaction. And there is proviso for motorcycle lanes. Fire section and constabulary section renders first-class service. The waste disposal and pest control section maintains healthy and hygienic environment. There are community Parkss. swimming pools. athleticss nine. and many other constitutions supplying comfortss to bac k up the physical and leisure activities of the occupants. The community has a large golf nines. In add-on to this. there are seasonal community carnivals and other community events that provide an juncture for community interaction. Interview with the Community wellness Nurse Melissa Garfield RN. BSN ( telephone Interview ) Conducted on 10/23/2014. Melissa works for Barnabas Health System at present she is a clinical supervisor who in charge of about 100 employees which includes registered nurses. respiratory healer. occupational and physical healer. They work really closely with the province and they are Medicare certified. What is your function in disease bar. surveillance and wellness Promotion? What stairss are you taking to alarm the community to educate them? The function of community wellness has changed greatly over the old ages. We play a really of import function in the community for bar of disease and publicity of wellness. They help in forestalling disease by community instruction and assist early sensing of a job. The greatest challenges we face has nil to make with the season of the twelvemonth. it is with infirmaries dispatching patients more rapidly to shorten the length of stay and the sharp-sig htedness of the patients in the community are much higher which necessitates the clinicians that are more skilled than of all time. As of now they have to take attention of patients with tracheotomy. nog tubing feeding. long term thorax tubings. nephrostomy tubings and ventilators and administer antibiotics. The occupation of the community wellness nurse is educate the household members how to take attention of their loved one at place. and what to make when there is exigency there is ever redundancy what to make when there is exigency. She gave the illustration of Hurricane sandy when they had to travel sing places of patients who were oxygen dependant. ventilator patients and patients with particular electronic beds and do certain they had electricity and if non they had to be moved to acute attention centre. For me that was the most ambitious thing I faced in the community. This transcends any season. At the minute it is season alteration and we have to do certain our homebound citizens and senior citizens for acquiring flu vaccinums and acquire them ready for winter devising certain they have entree to heat and hot H2O. Now we are besides educating the community about Ebola. What cultural groups do you cover with? Essex County is made up of really diverse race and civilization. There is no individual dominant civilization or race. We have African- American. White-Americans. Hispanic. and Asians. They visit all communities in the county ; they have bodyguards who are from the community who helps her when she goes home visiting. The lone place they are non allowed to travel is if they see anyone actively making drugs. or imbibing for safety grounds. What religious resources are available?The community wellness nurse has to esteem every faith. civilization and their manner of life and traditions as long it doesn’t cause any injury to the person. Essex County has churches of every denomination. temples. temples and mosques which are easy accessible. What are the five biggest wellness issues refering to Essex County? What is being done to educate the community for its bar? Heart Disease including congestive bosom disease. CancerStrokeBlood poisoningDiabetessThere are non-health related issues like homicide. violent offenses deaths hurts and mortality rates related to this are high in the community. The community wellness nurses organize community instruction in churches. senior citizen places and in grownup twenty-four hours attention centre and churches where they teach about diet. exercising. conformity with medicine and follow up with the doctors. They besides check blood force per unit area and sugars during this clip. Making certain people in the community follow healthy diet is challenge as this county has really high rate of fast nutrient articulations. Are you adequately funded? What would you wish to see more support for? We are insurance and Medicare dependant and if the patient doesn’t have insurance so it is charity attention. They organize fund raisers for malignant neoplastic disease bar. Every plan is of import to the community but more support is needed for preventative attentio n which in bend will advance wellness. What are some of the preventative plans organized Barnabas wellness community services? The function of community wellness nurse involves educating the community in bar of disease which in bend promotes wellness. Tobacco free lifePreventing drug maltreatment and inordinate intoxicant usageHealthy feedingInjury and force free lifeGenerative and sexual wellnessMental and emotional wellbeing.They besides have plan called† what’s in your bag† where they collaborate with the druggist in the community check the prescription medications the patients are taking and do certain there is no duplicates for illustration Norvasc and Amlodipine. They update the list of the medicine they are taking which helps when they go to the physicians or infirmary. They besides assist in the community in proper disposable of fresh and expired medical specialty. The nurse besides teaches how to hive away medicines particularly narcotics. They besides help in the immunisations of seniors particularly flu and pneumonia and preschool kids. The school nurse is in charge of doing cer tain the school age childs are up-to-date with immunisation. Are the wellness resources adequate in Essex County? She believes there are adequate wellness suppliers ; there are many infirmaries. emergent twenty-four hours attention centres and nurse practicians all are really easy accessible. The job is non adequate resources she believes people non doing usage of these resources. There are many persons with no insurance but they are neer denied attention. Essex County besides has price reduction prescription card which gives 20 % on prescription medicine. What is the function of a community wellness in sing to mental wellness? She is non specialized in this field but they do hold separate division who takes attention of these person this squad consists of behavioural wellness nurses and healer. They do measure the patients if they need these services and mention them consequently. Essex County has a large psychopathology infirmary whose mission is to supply evidence-based attention to advance patient recovery and return to community. Diet and Exercise Fleshiness rates have doubled among kids and tripled in striplings and grownups. Besides our community has really high rate of fast nutrient eating house. The chief of community wellness nurse is educating the community on healthy diet and the importance of exercising. Our community has tonss of Parkss and unfastened infinites. athleticss centre which are good equipped but under used. There besides community swimming pools. The community wellness nurses do non form any activities in sing to exert. but the county has many such plan which begin in spring with red flower festival. they conduct endurance contests. bike siting competitions’ and hikings and cantonment outs during summer of which Barnabas wellness is a large patron. Are they any nutrition lack in the community? Does the community provide safe imbibing H2O? Most common job are Vitamin D lack. There are many communities which live below poorness and many are stateless. But there are many organisations which help them like soup kitchens. nutrient casts. repasts on wheels for place edge citizens. churches and many communities. Schools provide subsidised rate or free in some instances breakfast and tiffins to the kids. Farmers markets and community garden where one can turn fresh veggies and fruits in summer. Tap H2O is safe for imbibing which checked sporadically and study of which is sent to all occupants. 11. What is the function of a Community wellness nurse in relation to environmental issues such as heat aid. chilling Stationss. pest control. waste disposal. and common air contaminations? Essex County has an environmental nurse that follows the Human Health Hazard Ordinance. This regulation is for covering with wellness jeopardies that are happening on the exterior of the place and could potentially impact other members of the community. They work closely with town and municipality workers. They inspect the places for rats or any insect’s bed bugs. They besides observe how the refuse is being disposed. Overall the nurse’s occupation is to see if the occupant is safe in their place. She besides checks if the patient is oxygen dependant there is cipher in the house smoke. from single position she besides checks if they have working fire dismaies. They check to see if they have proviso for heat in winter. There is really good waste direction system in the county. They have refuse and recycle bins in all public infinites. The environments risky waste and electronic waste is being collected by the county one time in three months from the community or it can be taken to the disposable centre by the occupant. The community nurse plays no function in this. 12. What sort of gender plans are available e. g. growing and development. STD and AIDS instruction. contraceptive method options. Is there sufficient entree to deliver control. support groups for pregnant adult females and new parents? What are the statistics for birth rates. abortion and abortion? Essex County works with Planned Parenthood. the gestation crisis hot-line. the Family Resource Center and Early Head Start plans. There is disparity among child birth and adolescent gestation. Low and low birth weight among Afro-american babes born is higher than other racial/ cultural group. Adolescent gestation is more in lower socio-economic groups. The school nurses provide sex instruction to the childs from simple. There are many plans for maternal and child wellness. They support them and acquire necessary aid needed in caring the babe and themselves. 13. How do you help in catastrophe direction planning? Are at that place other bureaus you work with? Essex County nurses work with constabularies. fire and EMS from all the metropoliss and towns in the county. The nurses participate in catastrophe direction bore a few times a twelvemonth. Our other function in catastrophe direction is to maintain a list of forces that may be needed to assist when a catastrophe occurs. The list is reviewed and updated annually. This list includes: Long-run attention installations VeterinarianClinics and infirmarySchoolsChurchsSummer cantonmentsParish nursesHome attention bureausWater and energy installations such a Alliant Energy Power Station† 14. What are the Cognitive/ perceptual degree of the community? The Essex County is home to big ethnic/ racial group. The chief linguistic communication is English but there is big figure of occupants about 20 % of who don’t speak English. The community nurses use linguistic communication line to pass on with the patient or person from the household who knows the linguistic communication acts as the transcriber. Essex County is home to five public and five private colleges. There is a great push to alter the instruction system and acquire the kids back to school. The alumnus rate is 64 % for the county which is low comparing to other counties in the province. 15. What is the self-perception / self- construct in the community? Are the occupants happy? I don’t cognize how to reply that. You know we bo th live in the same county there is large disparities how the economic wealth is distributed. There are big urban countries with hapless and minority population. and some below poorness degree. The county is making a batch to do certain all occupants have equal chances. Like in the library they have activities for senior citizens ; they besides have activities for school age and kindergartners. They play a large function ] in summer reading plan. The county besides has free coaching in summer for athleticss activities like tennis and football. Each community in summer organizes film dark. There are equal chances for all. In certain communities in the county the violent offense rate and homicide rate is high compared to other counties in the province. There is besides large job with substance maltreatment. Due to which exigency room visits for substance maltreatment are high in the county. The households populating in these countries face dangers which causes emphasis. Role and relationship The people of the community continue to keep respectful and healthy relationships with neighbours. The kids are concerted with one another and keep regard towards seniors and higher governments. such as instructors. Local occupants aid the older occupants. particularly during snow storm. The local constabulary and firemans offer countless services for the community. We ended our interview by her stating there are many services available in the community which the occupants are non cognizant of. They besides need more skilled nursing staff as the sharp-sightedness of patients in the community is high. Mentions:The county of Essex New New Jersey. World Wide Web. Essex-county New Jersey. org Essex county speedy facts from U S nose count agency. Retrieved from quickfacts. nose count. gov/qfd/states/†¦/34013.

Disseration Proposal Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Disseration - Thesis Proposal Example Fox (2005) opined in his book regarding the 1998 March survey, that 90 percent of Americans are concerned with the moral decline: 49 percent labeled it a moral crisis, and 41 percent labeled it a major problem†(p. xiii). He goes on to assert that ‘in 1998, we were becoming aware of the morale decline then the question that becomes paramount, why was nothing changed’? The year 2001 will undoubtedly go down in history as a period fraught with corporate malfeasance. The spectacle of senior leaders being led away in handcuffs may become one of the images that define the corporate misdemeanors of modern times. The corporate scandals in North America, including WorldCom, International Olympic Committee, Enron, Tyco, Qwest Communications International, Duke Energy, and Bristol-Myers Squibb, as well as sex scandals in the Catholic Church, have resulted in a loss of confidence in the management and leadership of these large organizations. Consequently, investors have become unnerved and the jolts have shaken international markets. It is no wonder that a CBS poll taken in the fall of 2002 finds that 79% of respondents believe questionable business practices are widespread and only fewer than one third thinks that CEOs are honest (Wallington, 2003). These corporations have all come into the limelight for the wrong reasons. As a result, the role of the CEO in ethical dilemmas has come under increased scrutiny. While ethical lapses occur at all levels of organizations, senior executives who fail to set high ethical standards and live by them become senior leaders within an organization that assume the belief to display high ethical and moral values in their conduct both within the organization and outside are not an important value. Yet, many instances have come to where they discard this significant aspect subjected to scrutiny and held accountable for the consequences of unethical practices, damaging the interests of employees, shareholders and the

Grand Inquisitor and Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Grand Inquisitor and Jesus - Essay Example The temptations were turning stones into bread, casting himself from the temple and the angels of God would come and save him before getting to the ground and being given the authority and power to rule all the kingdoms of the earth (Fyodor 29). The inquisitor says that Jesus rejected all this in favor of freedom. He believes that the majority of humans cannot handle this freedom given to them and that giving human’s freedom to choose prevents them from redemption, hence living them to suffer. The inquisitor feels that Christ was wrong to reject each temptation. He feels that he should have turned stones into bread since men will always fallow those who fill their stomachs. Casting himself from the temple would have proved his goodness in the people’s minds following him forever and governing all the kingdoms would guarantee their salvation. Jesus then kisses the inquisitor on his bloodless aged lips instead of responding to his accusations. The inquisitor releases him and tells him never to return (Amy 16). This finally shows the inquisitor’s sympathetic

Organisation Design and Organisation Development Essay

Organisation Design and Organisation Development - Essay Example Therefore, organizational development is one of the most important practices that any organization needs to follow. But, it is very for the management to understand what OD is not because it is not practice of training and development, human resource development, group or team building. It is an organizational perspective but not any individual perspective. Therefore, the main objective of organizational development policies has developed the organization as whole but not to develop an individual staff or to develop a specific division or team within the organization.   It can be stated as a continuous process and not as an acute event. An effectively designed organization contributes in keeping the work environment healthy and job can be done within a structured framework. Organizational development helps an organization to have improved performance on a sustainable basis. The OD practitioners should have strong democratic and humanistic approach to any change in the organization. A collaborative work environment and work culture is the key drive for OD intervention in an organization. Organizational development process involves a number of major interventions that include strategic diagnostic, evaluation of current and proposed strategies, critical thinking, change management, cultural changes, performance management, talent management, learning and development, customer service and sales effectiveness. Finally, organizational development practice believes that each and every areas of an organization is essential to build an advanced system that has strong impact on all internal and external environments where the organization functions.

The Stages Of The Refrigeration Cycle Engineering Essay

The Stages Of The Refrigeration Cycle Engineering Essay The second law of thermodynamics is described as the most fundamental law of science (Khemani, 2008). It is fundamental in the sense that it can be used to explain not only refrigerators and heat engines but highly advanced phenomena such as the big bang. It has been put aptly in the words of Classius as it is impossible for a process to occur that has the sole effect of removing a quantity of heat from an object at a lower temperature and transferring this quantity of heat to an object at a higher temperature (Mortimer, 2008). This essentially means that heat cannot flow spontaneously from a cooler to a hotter body if nothing else happens (Mortimer, 2008) i.e. there needs to be an external agency to effect the change. In kitchen refrigerators, the closed box inside is able to be kept cool by the removal of heat from the inside of the box and depositing it on the outside. Because the heat will not move freely from the cold inside to the hot outside, as by the second law, it is important for it to be made to do so, this is done by using an intermediate fluid (Littlewood, 2004) which absorbed heat on the inside. This intermediate fluid is known as a refrigerant and carries the heat outside of the box whereby it it released into the air as heat as shown in (Littlewood, 2004). Figure 1 the flow of heat within the refrigerator a schematic (Littlewood, 2004) The fluid circulates within the pipe which passes in and out and can be found at the back of the refrigerator. It is kept by using a compressor (which uses electricity from the home) and allows it to work effectively without violating the second law of motion. (Littlewood, 2004) THE FIRST LAW Refrigerator takes in energy from a region that needs to be cooled (or kept cold) and deposits this heat energy into some other region that is outside of the refrigerator. In order to work, there has to be some mechanism in place, where the work done by a compressor and its electric motor is utilized. Using the First Law of Thermodynamics we can write: (Littlewood, 2004) Figure 2 the first law of thermodynamics (Littlewood, 2004) QC   QH  = -W Where: Qc energy or heat of the cold system QH = energy or heat of the hot system W = work done Since work is done on the refrigerator by another device (the compressor), rather than by the refrigerator itself, the work is done is deemed negative because of sign conventions. This is part of the first law (Littlewood, 2004). Suppose that 2.4 MJ of work is used to remove 5.2 MJ of heat from the inside of the refrigerator, then an amount of heat QH  = QC  + W = 5.2 MJ + 2.4 MJ = 7.6 MJ must be added to the kitchen. The refrigerator is termed as a closed system and it possesses a constant composition: U = U + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡V) T dV U = U + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T) V dT U = U + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡V) T dV + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T) T dT dU (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡V) T dV + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T) V dT According to Bain (2010), there are four basic parts to any refrigerator: Compressor Heat Expansion valve Refrigerant The exchanging pipes are a coiled set of pipes that is placed strategically outside of the unit. The refrigerant as will be discussed later on is a liquid that has the ability to evaporate efficiently so that inside the refrigerator is kept cooled. (Bain, 2010) A gas can be cooled by adiabatic expansion if the process is enthalphic. The gas expands through a process barrier from one constant pressure to the next and the temperature difference in observed. Insulation of the system made the process adiabatic. The result is that a lower temperature was absorbed on the on a low pressure side and the change in the temperature is proportional to the change in pressure. (Bain, 2010)  Ã¢â‚¬Å¾T  µ  Ã¢â‚¬Å¾P Figure 3 schematic of a domestic refrigerator (Bain, 2010) When an energy |qc| is removed from a cool source at some temperature Tc, and then deposited in a warmer sink at a temperature Th, the change in entropy is: (Atkins dePaula, 2006) Atkins dePaula (2006) also indicated that the process is not spontaneous because the entropy generated in the warm sink is not enough to overcome the loss of entropy from the cold souce. And because of this more energy needs to be added to the stream that enters the warm sink to generated the entropy required by the system. They further indicated that the outcome is expressed as the coefficient of performance, c: The less the work required to achieve a given transfer, the greater the coefficient of performance and the more efficient the refrigerator (Atkins dePaula, 2004). Because |qc| is removed from the cold source, the work |w| is added to the energy stream, the energy deposited as the heat in the hot sink |qh| = |qc| + |w|. Therefore, From: We can have an expression in terms of the temperature alone, which is possible if the transfer is performed reversibly (Atkins dePaula, 2006): Where: c = thermodynamic optimum coefficient of temperature Tc = temperature of the cold sink Th = temperature of the hot sink For a refrigerator, it important that a very low coefficient of performance. For a refrigerator withdrawing heat from ice cold water (Tc = 273 K) in a typical environment (Th = 293K), c = 14. As an example, to remove 10 kJ (enough to freeze 30 g of water), requires transfer of atleast 0.71 kJ as work. (Atkins dePaula, 2005) The work to maintain a low temperature is very important when designing refrigerators. No thermal insulation is perfect, so there is always some form of energy flowing as heat into a specific sample at a rate that is proportional to the temperature difference. (Atkins and de Paula, 2006). Figure 4 (a) the flow of energy as heat from a cold source to a hot sink is not spontaneous. As can be seen, the entropy increase of the hot sink is smaller than the entropy increase of the cold source, so there is a net decrease in entropy (Atkins dePaula, 2006). (b) The process becomes feasible if work is provided to add to the energy stream. Then the increase in entropy of the hot sink can be made to cancel the entropy of the hot source (Atkins dePaula, 2006) he rate at which energy leaks happen is written as: Where: A = a constant that depends on the size of the sample and details of the simulation Tc = temperature of the cold sink Th = temperature of the hot sink The minimum power, P, required to maintain the original temperature difference by pumping out that energy by heating the surroundings is: As can be seen the power increases as the square of the temperature difference (Th Tc). THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE The gas is pumped continuously at a steady pressure, the heat exchanger (which brings the required temperature) and then through a porous plug inside container that is thermally insulated. A phase change heat pump uses a liquid that has a low boiling point to transfer heat from a cooler area to a warmer one, in refrigerators. This heat pump is the most commonly used in domestic refrigerators. It employs a liquid, known as a refrigerant which has a low boiling point. The liquid requires energy (called latent heat) to evaporate, and it drains that energy from its surroundings in the form of heat. When the vapor condenses again, it releases the energy (in the form of heat). A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Latent heat describes the amount of energy in the form of heat that is required for a material to undergo a change of phase (also known as change of state). Two latent heats are typically described. (Bamb ooweb, 2009)For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). The pump operates a cycle in which the refrigerant changes state from its liquid form to the vapour form and vice versa. This process occurs repeatedly and I known as the refrigeration cycle. In this cycle, the refrigerant condenses and heat is released in one point of the cycle. It is the boiled (or evaporated) so that it absorbs heat in another point of the cycle. The widely used refrigerant is hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) known as R-134a (1, 1, 1, 2 tetrafluoroethane) and CCl2F2 (dichlorodifluoromethane). Other substances such as liquid ammonia, propane or butane, are be used but because of their highly flammable nature, they are disregarded as a good refrigerant. 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). (Bambooweb, 2009)For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). In the refrigerator the fluid used (e.g. CCl2F2 ) fluid is liquefied by compression then vaporized by sudden expansion which gives a cooling effect. The compressor, in itself does not create a cooling effect directly, as might be expected. The cooling effect is created when the refrigerant absorbs the heat from the cooled space. This is accomplished with a heat exchanger. (Bambooweb, 2009)For other uses, see CFC (disambiguation). A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another, whether the fluids are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the fluids are directly contacted. The refrigeration cycle can be divided in two parts: The liquefaction stage The evaporation stage LIQUEFACTION STAGE The refrigerant vapour undergoes recycling by itself into the liquid form by the extraction of heat from a vapour at a higher temperature. The refrigerant is compressed by the compressor where a low pressure and low temperature condition is created. This is accomplished by an evaporating coil. During the compression process, the vapour of the refrigerant undergoes a temperature change (as an effect of the compression process). Additionally, the work of compression to create the high temperature and pressure vapour also contributes to the temperature change experienced by the vapour. The condenser that is located where the temperature is higher (i.e. the higher temperature heat sink) collects the vapour. Heat is then removed from the refrigerant and in lieu of this it condenses to its liquid state, hence the name for the condenser. Using the Joule-Thompson coefficient: For a perfect gas  µ = 0 Cp + Cv = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡H/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p Introducing: H = U + pV = nRT into the first term: Cp Cv = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p + nR (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡U/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡T)p = nR EVAPORATION STAGE As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, the next part of the cycle begins. This is accomplishe when a high temperature and high pressure liquid passes through a metering device that is found within the refrigeration. The valve allows a specific quantity of liquid coolant to pass into the evaporation chamber. Evaporation chambers are relatively low pressure and this encourages coolant evaporation. Newly evaporated coolant is drawn though the cooling coils (typically a fan is used to blow air over the coils). Thus, the evaporative process produces the cooling effect. The refrigerant then is pulled to the compressor in the suction line where it will be compressed into a high temperature, high pressure gas and sent to the external heat sinking coils. Capillary action or capillarity is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards against the force of gravity. A refrigerator pumps heat up a temperature gradient. The cooling efficiency of this operation depends on the amount of heat extracted from the cold temperature reservoir (the freezer compartment), , and the work needed to do so. Since a practical refrigerator operates in a cycle to provide a continuous removal of heat, for the cycle. Then, by the conservation of energy (or first law), , where is the heat ejected to the high temperature reservoir or the outside. The measure of a refrigerator performance is defined as the efficiency expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance (). Since the purpose is to extract the most heat () per unit work input (), the coefficient of performance for a refrigerator, , is expressed as their ratio: Where, the conservation relationship given above is used to express the work in terms of heat. For normal refrigerator operation, the work input is less than the heat removed, so the is greater than 1. Refrigerators are commonly referred to as heat pumps of more specifically a it is a reversible heat pump because they basically pump heat. Figure 5 A simple stylized diagram of a heat pumps vapor-compression refrigeration cycle: 1)  condenser, 2)  expansion valve, 3)  evaporator, 4)  compressor. Opening a food refrigerator or freezer heats up the kitchen rather than cooling it because its refrigeration cycle rejects heat to the indoor air. This heat includes the compressors dissipated work as well as the heat removed from the inside of the appliance. The COP for a heat pump in a heating or cooling application, with steady-state operation, is: Where: ΆQcool is the amount of heat extracted from a cold reservoir at temperature Tcool, ΆQhot is the amount of heat delivered to a hot reservoir at temperature Thot, ΆA is the compressors dissipated work. EFFICIENCY The efficiency of a refrigerator (known as the coefficient of performance, COP) is defined as   For example, if 20 MJ are removed from the inside of the refrigerator by doing 7.5 MJ of work, then the coefficient of performance is equal to 20/7.5 = 2.67. SUMMARY OF THERMODYNAMIC OF A REFRIGERATOR AFTER ONE CYCLE Change in internal energy = 0 Change in heat is > 0 Total work > 0 Total volume change = 0 Change in Gibbs free energy = 0 Entropy change of the system = 0 Entropy change of the universe > 0

french politics :: essays research papers

Louis was dignified and imposing with charming manners, but he was also hard working, patient and self-disciplined with an iron physical constitution. He maintained a strict routine of official business, every day. Short of height, he was of modest intelligence (not much helped by his upbringing undertaken largely by his servants) and lacking of a sense of humor. Possessed of a colossal pride, he loved grandeur, glory, military reviews and petty details (uniforms, equipment, drill). Louis was the epitome of the absolute monarch and embodied the idea of divine right monarchy. As God's representative on earth, he felt that he was due respect and that his word was law; he was responsible to God alone. As an absolute monarch, Louis XIV wielded unlimited authority with all decisions made by him; however, it was not despotism nor arbitrary power, as kings still had to justify their actions to churchmen, entrepreneurs and nobles. Having taken the reigns of government, Louis now had to contend with the nobility, church, bureaucracy and the rest of Europe to achieve his idea of France. The chief opposition to the central monarchy was the French, feudal nobility. The king continued the process of destroying the nobility as a class by increasing the use of commoners to run the state and by establishing Versailles as a seventeenth-century "Disneyland" to keep the nobility occupied with non-political amusements after the court moved there in 6 May 1682. To solidify support from the church, Louis acted in a highly favorable manner. In 1685, the L'Edit de Fountainbleau revoked the Edict of Nantes, and Huguenots, forbidden to practice, left France in droves. On one hand, this created religious unity within France and secured the friendship of the church, but, on the other hand, it aroused the implacable hatred of Protestant states and deprived France of some of its most industrious citizens. To create a more responsive and effective bureaucracy, Louis instituted new administrative methods to strengthen his control. Weekly ministerial conferences Continuity in the top four ministries (finance, army, navy, public works), only sixteen ministers in fifty-four years of his personal reign Ministers chosen by ability not birth Intendants continued to rule the 36 generalità ©s (provinces)--but they never served where they were born Financial reform of taxes Colbert, as controller general, worked to improve the French economy through a policy called mercantilism--state intervention to create a self-sustaining economy. Colbert used an aggressive tariff policy to manipulate the import of raw materials and the export of manufactured goods to improve the balance of payments. french politics :: essays research papers Louis was dignified and imposing with charming manners, but he was also hard working, patient and self-disciplined with an iron physical constitution. He maintained a strict routine of official business, every day. Short of height, he was of modest intelligence (not much helped by his upbringing undertaken largely by his servants) and lacking of a sense of humor. Possessed of a colossal pride, he loved grandeur, glory, military reviews and petty details (uniforms, equipment, drill). Louis was the epitome of the absolute monarch and embodied the idea of divine right monarchy. As God's representative on earth, he felt that he was due respect and that his word was law; he was responsible to God alone. As an absolute monarch, Louis XIV wielded unlimited authority with all decisions made by him; however, it was not despotism nor arbitrary power, as kings still had to justify their actions to churchmen, entrepreneurs and nobles. Having taken the reigns of government, Louis now had to contend with the nobility, church, bureaucracy and the rest of Europe to achieve his idea of France. The chief opposition to the central monarchy was the French, feudal nobility. The king continued the process of destroying the nobility as a class by increasing the use of commoners to run the state and by establishing Versailles as a seventeenth-century "Disneyland" to keep the nobility occupied with non-political amusements after the court moved there in 6 May 1682. To solidify support from the church, Louis acted in a highly favorable manner. In 1685, the L'Edit de Fountainbleau revoked the Edict of Nantes, and Huguenots, forbidden to practice, left France in droves. On one hand, this created religious unity within France and secured the friendship of the church, but, on the other hand, it aroused the implacable hatred of Protestant states and deprived France of some of its most industrious citizens. To create a more responsive and effective bureaucracy, Louis instituted new administrative methods to strengthen his control. Weekly ministerial conferences Continuity in the top four ministries (finance, army, navy, public works), only sixteen ministers in fifty-four years of his personal reign Ministers chosen by ability not birth Intendants continued to rule the 36 generalità ©s (provinces)--but they never served where they were born Financial reform of taxes Colbert, as controller general, worked to improve the French economy through a policy called mercantilism--state intervention to create a self-sustaining economy. Colbert used an aggressive tariff policy to manipulate the import of raw materials and the export of manufactured goods to improve the balance of payments.